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      火灾
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        <h1 id="火灾"><a href="#火灾" class="headerlink" title="火灾"></a><strong>火灾</strong></h1><!-- TOC -->

<ul>
<li><a href="#火灾"><strong>火灾</strong></a><ul>
<li><a href="#定义-分类-危害">定义 分类 危害</a></li>
<li><a href="#火灾发生的常见原因">火灾发生的常见原因</a></li>
<li><a href="#建筑火灾蔓延">建筑火灾蔓延</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- /TOC -->
<h2 id="定义-分类-危害"><a href="#定义-分类-危害" class="headerlink" title="定义 分类 危害"></a>定义 分类 危害</h2><ul>
<li><p>定义</p>
<blockquote>
<p>时间和空间上失去控制的燃烧所造成的灾害</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>分类</p>
</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>按燃烧对象分类</th>
<th>对象</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>A类</td>
<td>固体</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>B类</td>
<td>液体或可熔化固体物质</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C类</td>
<td>气体</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D类</td>
<td>金属</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>E类</td>
<td>带电火灾,物体带电燃烧的火灾 <em>变压器等设备的电气火灾</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>F类</td>
<td>烹饪器具类的烹饪物</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>***</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>按损失程度分类</td>
<td>死亡</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>————–</td>
<td>—–</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>特别重大</td>
<td>30⬆</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>重大</td>
<td>10-30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>较大</td>
<td>3-10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>一般</td>
<td>3⬇</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li>危害<ol>
<li>危害生命安全</li>
<li>造成经济损失</li>
<li>破坏文明成果</li>
<li>影响社会稳定</li>
<li>破坏生态环境</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="火灾发生的常见原因"><a href="#火灾发生的常见原因" class="headerlink" title="火灾发生的常见原因"></a>火灾发生的常见原因</h2><pre><code>1.电气
2.吸烟
3.生活用火不慎 
4.生产作业不慎
5.设备故障
6.玩火
7.放火
8.雷击</code></pre><hr>
<h2 id="建筑火灾蔓延"><a href="#建筑火灾蔓延" class="headerlink" title="建筑火灾蔓延"></a>建筑火灾蔓延</h2><ul>
<li><p>建筑火灾蔓延的传热基础</p>
<blockquote>
<p>热传导 <em>导热率大的物质有利于火势的蔓延</em></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>热对流 <em>流体中存在温度差,必然存在热传导</em></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>热辐射 <em>火焰和烟雾能辐射热能,热值越大,火焰温度越高,热辐射越强</em></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>建筑火灾的烟气蔓延</p>
<blockquote>
<p>烟气流动的方向通常是火势蔓延的方向,500℃以上的热烟所到之处会引起可燃物起火.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>烟气的扩散线路</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>着火房间➡走廊➡楼梯间➡上部各楼层➡室外  </li>
<li>着火房间➡室外  </li>
<li>着火房间➡相邻上层房间➡室外  </li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>烟气流动的驱动力</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li><p>烟囱效应 <em>烟气向上蔓延的主要因素,影响全楼</em></p>
</li>
<li><p>外界风的作用 <em>烟气向下风方向的流动</em></p>
<blockquote>
<p>烟气蔓延的途径</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li><p>孔洞开口蔓延</p>
</li>
<li><p>穿越墙壁的管线和缝隙蔓延</p>
</li>
<li><p>闷顶内蔓延</p>
</li>
<li><p>外墙面蔓延 <em>外墙窗口的形状,大小对火势蔓延有很大影响</em></p>
<blockquote>
<p>对主体是耐火结构的建筑,造成蔓延的主要原因</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>未设有效防火区</p>
</li>
<li><p>洞口分隔处理不完善</p>
</li>
<li><p>防火隔墙与房间隔墙未砌至顶板</p>
</li>
<li><p>采用可燃构件和装饰物</p>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>建筑物火灾发展的几个阶段</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>初期增长阶段 <em>有可能形成火灾也可能自行熄灭</em></li>
<li>充分发展阶段 <em>轰燃:在一限定空间内可燃物的表面全部卷入燃烧的瞬变状态,标志着火灾进入充分发展阶段</em></li>
<li>衰减阶段 <em>可能出现死灰复燃</em><blockquote>
<p>灭火的三种方法</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>冷却灭火 <em>温度降到着火点一下</em></li>
<li>隔离灭火 <em>隔离可燃物</em></li>
<li>窒息灭火 <em>隔离助燃剂(氧化剂),氧浓度低于15%,不能维持燃烧</em></li>
<li>化学抑制剂灭火 <em>抑制自由基的产生或降低自由基的浓度</em></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>

      
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